BIOS (Basic input output system)

Serial Flashmemories provide a storage solution for systems with limited space,
pins and power. The 25X series offers flexibility and performance well beyond ordinary Serial Flash devices. They are ideal for code download applications as well as storing voice, text and data. The devices operate on a single 2.7V to
3.6V power supply with current consumption as low as 5mA active and 1μA for power-down.
All devices are offered in space-saving packages.
The W25X10A/20A/40A/80A array is organized into 512/1024/2048/4096 programmable pages of
256-bytes each. Up to 256 bytes can be programmed at a time using the Page Program instruction.
Pages can be erased in groups of 16 (sector erase), groups of 256 (block erase) or the entire chip (chip erase). Erasable sectors and 2/4/8/16 erasable
blocks respectively. The small 4KB sectors allow for greater flexibility in applications that require data and parameter storage.
Supports the standard Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI), and a high
performance dual output SPI using four pins: Serial Clock, Chip Select, Serial Data I/O and Serial Data Out. SPI clock frequencies of up to 100MHz are supported allowing equivalent clock rates of 200MHz when using the Fast Read Dual Output instruction. These transfer rates are comparable to
those of 8 and 16-bit Parallel Flash memories.
A Hold pin, Write Protect pin and programmable write protect, with top or bottom array control


 
Modern motherboards of Laptop have 3 kind of Bios
1, Main Bios bios is that we usually find in general the motherboard to control the basic input output system on SB/NB/VGA Instrumental in setting chipsets (ICH-PCH-SB-NB) ... Bios Bug can cause the chipset can not function properly.This firmware managed all chip interface communication.

2. EC Bios (embedded controller bios). EC firmware bios related to the main bios and save settings for embedded controller chip .This firmware managed all power signal management include GPIO/SM_BUS/Keyboard controller including sistem switching signal,password security controller (see datasheet for more detil EC Fiture)

3.ID Bios which only store data to determine information about motherboard ID.




 Bios IC has a ROM to save EC Bios firmware for SIO/EC microcontroler management.This work like a computer inside the IC's. SIO managed all signal,stepping sleep state,thermocontroler ,protecting error etc.(get the detil info download the Datasheet)
Even whole component onboard ok and power well will stop working if EC Bios Firmware damage .
To check Firmware ok ,there is a signal tes confirmation on EC/SIO pin name RSMRST# .This pin must available 3.3V(tolerance 10%) than Bios Confirmed OK.
Check the power need also Bios IC and SIO need 3.3V powered VCC for working well


 BIOS IC

There are several  physical model of Bios IC ,they marked by amount of soket pin .
new motherboard model usually use SO 8 Bios IC ,there 2 kind of SO 8 marked by size 200ml and 150ml



Bios IC have several capacity : 256MB~512MB~1MB~2MB~4MB ~8MB and 16MB.


SO 8 BIOS IC .








                                                                TSOP 28 BIOS IC














TSOP 32 BIOS IC




Persistent BIOS infection

"Persistent BIOS infection", is a method presented in CanSecWest Security Conference (Vancouver, 2009) and SyScan Security Conference (Singapore, 2009) where researchers Anibal Sacco and Alfredo Ortega, from Core Security Technologies, shows error code insertion into the decompression routines in the BIOS , allowing for nearly full control of the PC in any start-up, even before the operating system boot.


 Proof-of-concept does not exploit a flaw in the BIOS implementation, but only involves the normal BIOS flash procedure. Thus, it requires physical access to the machine or to the user in the operating system to be root. Despite this, however, researchers underline the profound implications of their discovery: "We can patch the driver to make a fully working rootkit. Has even a small code that can remove or disable antivirus in bios rom.

 Changing bios chip / reprograming / erase / backup / updated bios
After understanding the bios chip , functions and how it works can be understood if the bios corupted / crashes or there is a bug / virus / data error in bios , can cause the entire motherboard or partly paralyzed  can not work ( totally dead ) .
EC bios that can still boot up go into bios settup / hank on logo or are still able to get into windows enough to just do an upgrade on latter bios version .
Download programe run the exe file , follow the next command in the updater program that has running don't forget to ensure battery and adapter attached . Low  power  while updating process updated bios will fail .
Can not go in / boot windows , updating bios can do  by booting through dos  bootable flashdisk. Several different way   on each
different brand and series .example for acer aspire one boot bios updated by using the fn + esc key , Compaq laptop using windows key + B and toshiba laptop using ctrl + U key .
If the updater fails on both the above methods , flashing with erase / delete the data and replace the old bios / flashing new data or if the bios chip using  Bios eprome programer.


 HOW TO USE EPROME PROGRAMER
 



EZP2010 high-speed programmer manual 


1. Verify error.
(1)User must select a correct chip modle before writting.
(2)User must erase chip before writting if che chip is a 25 flash.
(3)User must select a correct memory unit width if che chip is a 93 eeprom.
(4)The chip maybe bad.

2. Chip position when reading and writting.
(1)If the programmer is linked to PC, the chip must be placed in the socket as below:

3. Automatically detect chip modle unsuccessful.
See the section "detect chip" in this document.

4. The simple SMD socket.
The simple SMD socket has tow chip positions.
User can place SMD chip on any one of the tow position.
White spot mark as pin 1 on chip
 
5. Read and write chips on the mainboard (ISP).
User can link programmer to mainboard to read and write bios chips.
User can link GND, CS, MISO, MOSI, CLK signals to mainboard.
 













24, 25, 93 series memory chips (BIOS IC)List

25  SPI  FLASH*******************************************************************
AMIC: A25L05P, A25L512, A25L010, A25L10P, A25L020, A25L20P, A25L040, A25L40P, A25L080, A25L80P, A25L016, A25L16P, A25L032ATMEL: AT25F512, AT25F512A, AT25F512B, AT25F1024, AT25F1024A, AT25FS010, AT25DF021, AT25F2048, AT25DF041A, AT25F4096, AT25FS040, AT26F004, AT26DF081A, AT25DF161, AT26DF161, AT26DF161A, AT25DF321, AT25DF321A, AT26DF321, AT25DF641EON: EN25F05, EN25LF05, EN25P05, EN25D10, EN25F10, EN25LF10, EN25P10, EN25D20, EN25F20, EN25LF20, EN25D40, EN25F40, EN25LF40, EN25D80, EN25F80, EN25Q80, EN25T80, EN25B16, EN25B16T, EN25D16, EN25F16, EN25Q16, EN25T16, EN25B32, EN25B32T, EN25F32, EN25P32, EN25Q32, EN25B64, EN25B64T, EN25F64, EN25P64, EN25Q64, EN25F128, EN25Q128ES: ES25P10, ES25P20, ES25M40, ES25M40A, ES25P40, ES25M80, ES25M80A, ES25P80, ES25M16, ES25M16A, ES25P16, ES25P32ESMT: F25L004A, F25L04UA, F25L008A, F25L08PA, F25L016A, F25L16PA, F25L32PA, F25L32QAMXIC: MX25L512, MX25V512, MX25L1005, MX25L2005, MX25L4005A, MX25V4005, MX25L8005, MX25V8005, MX25L1605D, MX25L1635D, MX25L3205D, MX25L3225D, MX25L3235D, MX25L3237D, MX25L6405D, MX25L12805DNEXFLASH: NX25P10, NX25P20, NX25P40, NX25P80, NX25P16, NX25P32PMC: PM25LV512A, PM25LV010A, PM25LV020, PM25LV040, PM25LV080B, PM25LV016BSAIFUN: SA25F005, SA25F010, SA25F020, SA25F040, SA25F080, SA25F160, SA25F320SPANSION: S25FL004A, S25FL008A, S25FL016A, S25FL032A, S25FL064ASST: SST25VF512, SST25VF512A, SST25VF010, SST25VF010A, SST25VF020, SST25VF020A, SST25VF040, SST25VF040A, SST25VF040B, SST25VF080B, SST25VF016B, SST25VF032B, SST25VF064CST: M25P05A, M25P10A, M25PE10, M25P20, M25PE20, M25P40, M25PE40, M25P80, M25PE80, M25PX80, M25P16, M25PE16, M25PX16, M25P32, M25PX32, M25P64, M25PX64, M25P128WINBOND: W25P10, W25X10, W25X10A, W25X10AL, W25X10L, W25P20, W25X20, W25X20A, W25X20AL, W25X20L, W25P40, W25X40, W25X40A, W25X40AL, W25X40L, W25P80, W25X80, W25X80A, W25X80AL, W25X80L, W25P16, W25X16, W25P32, W25X32, W25X64

********************24  EEPROM*******************************************************************
ATMEL: AT24C01, AT24C01A, AT24C01B, AT24C02, AT24C02A, AT24C02B, AT24C04, AT24C04A, AT24C04B, AT24C08, AT24C08A, AT24C08B, AT24C16, AT24C16A, AT24C16B, AT24C32, AT24C32A, AT24C32B, AT24C64, AT24C64A, AT24C64B, AT24C128, AT24C128A, AT24C128B, AT24C256, AT24C256A, AT24C256B, AT24C512, AT24C512A, AT24C512B, AT24C1024, AT24C1024A, AT24C1024B
CATALYST: CAT24C01, CAT24WC01, CAT24C02, CAT24WC02, CAT24C04, CAT24WC04, CAT24C08, CAT24WC08, CAT24C16, CAT24WC16, CAT24C32, CAT24WC32, CAT24C64, CAT24WC64, CAT24C128, CAT24WC128, CAT24C256, CAT24WC256, CAT24C512, CAT24WC512, CAT24C1024, CAT24WC1024
COMMON: 24C00 3V, 24C00 5V, 24C01 3V, 24C01 5V, 24C02 3V, 24C02 5V, 24C04 3V, 24C04 5V, 24C08 3V, 24C08 5V, 24C16 3V, 24C16 5V, 24C32 3V, 24C32 5V, 24C64 3V, 24C64 5V, 24C128 3V, 24C128 5V, 24C256 3V, 24C256 5V, 24C512 3V, 24C512 5V, 24C1024 3V, 24C1024 5V
FAIRCHILD: FM24C01L, FM24C02L, FM24C03L, FM24C04L, FM24C05L, FM24C08L, FM24C09L, FM24C16L, FM24C17L, FM24C32L, FM24C64L, FM24C128L, FM24C256L, FM24C512L, FM24C1024L
HOLTEK: HT24C01, HT24LC01, HT24C02, HT24LC02, HT24C04, HT24LC04, HT24C08, HT24LC08, HT24C16, HT24LC16, HT24C32, HT24LC32, HT24C64, HT24LC64, HT24C128, HT24LC128, HT24C256, HT24LC256, HT24C512, HT24C1024
ISSI: IS24C01, IS24C02, IS24C04, IS24C08, IS24C16, IS24C32, IS24C64, IS24C128, IS24C256, IS24C512, IS24C1024
MICROCHIP: 24AA00, 24C00, 24LC00, 24AA01, 24AA014, 24C01C, 24LC014, 24LC01B, 24AA02, 24LC02B, 24AA024, 24AA025, 24AA04, 24C02C, 24LC024, 24LC025, 24LC04B, 24AA08, 24LC08B, 24AA16, 24LC16B, 24AA32, 24LC32, 24AA64, 24FC64, 24LC64, 24AA128, 24FC128, 24LC128, 24AA256, 24FC256, 24LC256, 24AA512, 24FC512, 24LC512, 24AA1024
NSC: NSC24C02, NSC24C02L, NSC24C64
RAMTRON: FM24C04A, FM24CL04, FM24C16A, FM24CL16, FM24C64, FM24CL64, FM24C256, FM24CL256, FM24C512
ROHM: BR24C01, BR24L01, BR24C02, BR24L02, BR24C04, BR24L04, BR24C08, BR24L08, BR24C16, BR24L16, BR24C32, BR24L32, BR24C64, BR24L64
ST: ST24C01, ST24C02, ST24C04, ST24C08, ST24C16, ST24C32, ST24C64
XICOR: X24C01, X24C02, X24C04, X24C08, X24C16

********************93  EEPROM*******************************************************************
AKM: AK93C45AV, AK93C55AV, AK93C65AV, AK93C75AV
ATC: ATC93C46, ATC93LC46(16bit), ATC93LC46(16bit)-SOP8, ATC93LC46(8bit), ATC93LC46(8bit)-SOP8, ATC93C56, ATC93LC56(16bit), ATC93LC56(16bit)-SOP8, ATC93LC56(8bit), ATC93LC56(8bit)-SOP8, ATC93C66, ATC93LC66(16bit), ATC93LC66(16bit)-SOP8, ATC93LC66(8bit), ATC93LC66(8bit)-SOP8
ATMEL: AT93C46(16bit), AT93C46(16bit)-SOP8, AT93C46(8bit), AT93C46(8bit)-SOP8, AT93C46A, AT93C56(16bit), AT93C56(16bit)-SOP8, AT93C56(8bit), AT93C56(8bit)-SOP8, AT93C57(16bit), AT93C57(16bit)-SOP8, AT93C57(8bit), AT93C57(8bit)-SOP8, AT93C66(16bit), AT93C66(16bit)-SOP8, AT93C66(8bit), AT93C66(8bit)-SOP8, AT93C86(16bit), AT93C86(16bit)-SOP8, AT93C86(8bit), AT93C86(8bit)-SOP8
CATALYST: CAT93C46(16bit), CAT93C46(8bit), CAT93C46A, CAT93C46I, CAT93C56(16bit), CAT93C56(8bit), CAT93C56A, CAT93C57(16bit), CAT93C57(16bit)-SOP8, CAT93C66(16bit), CAT93C66(8bit), CAT93C66A, CAT93C86(16bit), CAT93C86(8bit)
COMMON: 93C46(16bit), 93C46(8bit), 93C56(16bit), 93C56(8bit), 93C66(16bit), 93C66(8bit), 93C86(16bit), 93C86(8bit)
EXEL: XL93C06, XL93C46, XL93CS46, XL93LC46, XL93C56, XL93LC56, XL93C66, XL93LC66
FAIRCHILD: FM93C06AM8(16bit), FM93C06AM8(8bit), FM93C06M8, FM93C06N, FM93C46AM8(16bit), FM93C46AM8(8bit), FM93C46AN(16bit), FM93C46AN(8bit), FM93CS46(16bit), FM93C56AN(16bit), FM93C56AN(8bit), FM93CS56(16bit), FM93C66AM8(16bit), FM93C66AM8(8bit), FM93C66AN(16bit), FM93C66AN(8bit), FM93C66B, FM93C66M8(16bit), FM93C66MT8(16bit), FM93C66N(16bit), FM93CS66(16bit), FM93C86AM8(16bit), FM93C86AM8(8bit), FM93C86AN(16bit), FM93C86AN(8bit)
HOLTEK: HT93LC46A(16bit), HT93LC46A(8bit), HT93LC56A(16bit), HT93LC56A(8bit), HT93LC66A(16bit), HT93LC66A(8bit)
ICT: ICT93C46(16bit), ICT93C46(8bit), ICT93C56(16bit), ICT93C56(8bit), ICT93C66(16bit), ICT93C66(8bit)
ISSI: IS93C46(16bit), IS93C56(16bit), IS93C66(16bit)
MICROCHIP: 93C06(16bit), 93C06(16bit)-SOP8, 93AA46(16bit), 93AA46(8bit), 93AA46(8bit)-SOP8, 93C46(16bit), 93C46(16bit)-SOP8, 93C46A, 93C46B, 93LC46(16bit), 93LC46(16bit)-SOP8, 93LC46(8bit), 93LC46(8bit)-SOP8, 93LC46A, 93LC46B, 93LC46B-SOP8, 93AA56(16bit), 93AA56(8bit), 93AA56(8bit)-SOP8, 93C56(16bit), 93C56(16bit)-SOP8, 93C56(8bit), 93C56(8bit)-SOP8, 93C56A, 93C56A-SOP8, 93C56B, 93C56B-SOP8, 93LC56(16bit), 93LC56(16bit)-SOP8, 93LC56(8bit), 93LC56(8bit)-SOP8, 93LC56A, 93LC56B, 93LC56B-SOP8, 93AA66(16bit), 93AA66(8bit), 93AA66(8bit)-SOP8, 93C66(16bit), 93C66(16bit)-SOP8, 93C66(8bit), 93C66(8bit)-SOP8, 93C66A, 93C66A-SOP8, 93C66B, 93C66B-SOP8, 93LC66(16bit), 93LC66(16bit)-SOP8, 93LC66(8bit), 93LC66(8bit)-SOP8, 93LC66A, 93LC66B, 93LC66B-SOP8, 93AA76(16bit), 93AA76(8bit), 93C76(16bit), 93C76(8bit), 93LC76(16bit), 93LC76(8bit), 93LC76A, 93LC76B, 93AA86(16bit), 93AA86(8bit), 93C86(16bit), 93C86(8bit), 93LC86(16bit), 93LC86(8bit), 93LC86A, 93LC86BNSC: NSC93C06, NSC93C06-SOP8, NSC93CS06, NSC93C46, NSC93CS46, NSC93C56, NSC93CS56, NSC93S56, NSC93C66, NSC93CS66, NSC93C86
ROHM: BR93LC46, BR93LC46RF, BR93LC56, BR93LC56RF, BR93LC66, BR93LC66RF
ST: ST93C06, M93S46, M93S46-SOP8, M93S46-T8, M93S46R, M93S46R-SOP8, M93S46W, M93S46W-SOP8, ST93C46, M93S56, M93S56-SOP8, M93S56R, M93S56R-SOP8, M93S56W, M93S56W-SOP8, ST93C56, M93S66, M93S66-SOP8, M93S66R, M93S66R-SOP8, M93S66W, M93S66W-SOP8, ST93C66

********************25  EEPROM*******************************************************************
ATMEL: AT25010, AT25020, AT25040, AT25080, AT25160, AT25320, AT25640, AT25128, AT25256, AT25512
CATALYST: CAT25C01, CAT25C01P, CAT25C01S, CAT25C01U, CAT25C02P, CAT25C02S, CAT25C02U, CAT25C03P, CAT25C03S, CAT25C03U, CAT25C04P, CAT25C04S, CAT25C04U, CAT25C05P, CAT25C05S, CAT25C05U, CAT25C08P, CAT25C08S, CAT25C08U, CAT25C09P, CAT25C09S, CAT25C09U, CAT25C16P, CAT25C16S, CAT25C16U, CAT25C17P, CAT25C17S, CAT25C17U, CAT25C32P, CAT25C32S, CAT25C33P, CAT25C33S, CAT25C64P, CAT25C64S, CAT25C65P, CAT25C65S, CAT25C128P, CAT25C128S, CAT25C256P, CAT25C256S
COMMON: 25010, 25020, 25040, 25080, 25160, 25320, 25640, 25128, 25256, 25512
MICROCHIP: 25AA040, 25C040, 25LC040, 25AA080, 25C080, 25LC080, 25AA160, 25C160, 25LC160, 25AA320, 25C320, 25LC320, 25AA640, 25C640, 25LC640
RAMTRON: FM25C160, FM25640, FM25CL64
ST: ST25C01, ST25W01, ST25C02, ST25W02, ST25C04, ST25W04, ST25C08, ST25W08, ST25C16, ST25W16
TI: TI2532, TI2532A, TI2564
XICOR: XC25010, XC25020, XC25040, XC25080, XC25160, XC25320, XC25640, XC25128, XC25256, XC25512

21 comments:

  1. This comment has been removed by the author.

    ReplyDelete
  2. hello sir. may i ask how can we tell if the bios chip is defective? and not the firmware?

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  3. Sir Which Bios i will be write for no display

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  4. Rsmrst will always be 3.3v or does it goes from 0v to 3.3v when power button is pressed. What will happen if PC the turns on for 1-2 seconds then shut down. Please explain rsmrst signal

    ReplyDelete
  5. Sir

    Really I appreciate your effort .Please sir can you send the motherboard of the serice manual as a pdf to alokesh.panda@gmail.com

    ReplyDelete
  6. Sir
    Please send your book imranssen@gmail.com / 9860135602 my WhatsApp no.

    ReplyDelete
  7. Sir
    Please send your book imranssen@gmail.com / 9860135602 my WhatsApp no.

    ReplyDelete
  8. hi,sir can you tell me any idea about hp 14-d008au no display. ?

    ReplyDelete
  9. when on power switch on power led on ,fan spin but no display?

    ReplyDelete
  10. pls if you got schematic for hp 14-d008au pls send my email : gnanavelu989@gmail.com

    ReplyDelete
  11. hi do u know at is the Boot bios key for Lenovo yoga 2 pro laptop ?

    ReplyDelete
  12. hi do u know at is the Boot bios key for Lenovo yoga 2 pro laptop ?

    ReplyDelete
  13. will removing the bios chip clear forgotten password

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  14. if the sio i noon programmable then what is the solution ?

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  15. I really need your book sir kindly help u can send at Mutalerobinson@gmail.Com thanks

    ReplyDelete
  16. Leno y560 laptop bricked after attempt to downgrade bios , now laptop has no power lights on even after connecting power adapter , no boot , what to do ?

    ReplyDelete
  17. Sir kindly send me this your book. Its great and good work, well done Master

    ReplyDelete
  18. Sir I have a Hp motherboard ZS051 LA-A996P that is showing zero voltage on pin 8 of the bios chip. The 19v, 5v, and 3v are present. The laptop turns on, fan spins and LEDs come on but shuts down almost immediately. How should I proceed to identify the problem component. Thank you.

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